Usa Battle Ships - The Iowa class was a class of six fast battleships commissioned by the United States Navy in 1939 and 1940. They were originally designed to hold fast flagships such as the Japanese Kongo class, but could also be used in traditional lines of battle. as well as slow battleships. and acts as his "fast wing".
The Iowa class was designed to meet the standard "escalator clause" limit of the Second London Naval Treaty of 45,000 short tons (45,700 t). Four ships were completed, Iowa, New Jersey, Missouri, and Wisconsin; two more, Illinois and Ktuckee, were built but demolished before completion in 1945 and 1958, respectively, and two cabins were demolished in 1958-1959.
Usa Battle Ships
The four Iowa-class ships were the last warships commissioned in the United States Navy. All former US battleships were decommissioned in 1947 and removed from the Naval Vessel Register (NVR) in 1963. Between the mid-1940s and early 1990s, Iowa-class battleships fought in four major US. In the Pacific Theater of World War II, they served as fast escorts for the Essex-class aircraft carriers of the Fast Carrier Task Force and also pounded Japanese positions. During the Korean War, warships provided naval gunfire support (NGFS) to United Nations forces, and in 1968, New Jersey fired on the forces of the People's Army of Vietnam and Vietnam in the Vietnam War. All four were re-ordered and updated in 1981 by order of the US Congress with missile weapons as part of the Navy's 600 program in the 1980s. During Operation Desert Storm in 1991, Missouri and Wisconsin fired missiles with 16-inch guns. (406 mm) targeting Iraqi targets.
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Costly to maintain, the warships were decommissioned in the early 1990s amid post-Cold War tensions. Initially, all four were removed from the Naval Ship Register, but the US Congress forced the Navy to reinstate two of them on the grounds that the existing NGFS was inadequate for amphibious operations. This has led to a debate over whether warships should play a role in a modern navy. Eventually, all four ships were removed from the Navy Ship Register and given to non-profit organizations. With the move to Iowa in 2012, all four became part of a nonprofit maritime museum in the United States.
The ships, which eventually became the battleship Iowa, were born out of the US Navy's plans for the Pacific War against Japan. The war planners expected the American fleet to develop and advance in the Pacific with a long network of communications and supplies that would be vulnerable to the Japanese high-speed cruisers. The main concern was that the US Navy's traditional 21-knot battleship would be too slow to force this Japanese task force into battle, and the fast carriers and their cruiser escorts would be more powerful than the Japanese Congolese, which they were improved. 2013. 1930s for quick war. As a result, the US Navy saw a fast battleship that could take on Japanese ships in battle. During the development of the early North Carolina and South Dakota class ships, careful consideration was given to designs capable of reaching 30 knots to counter the threat of fast "big gun" ships.
At the same time, special strike forces were considered, consisting of fast warships operating alongside carriers and destroyers; such a force can operate independently in forward areas and act as scouts. This concept eventually evolved into a fast carrier task force, although carriers were originally thought to be less than a battleship.
Another factor was the "escalator clause" of the Second London Naval Treaty, which changed the gun range limit from 14 inches (356 mm) to 16 inches (406 mm). Japan refused to sign the treaty and, in particular, refused to accept the 14-inch gun rate limit for Britain, the United States, and Japan, or the 5:5:3 ratio of warship tonnage. This led to the use of the escalator clause by the three major powers, the United States, Great Britain, and France, after April 1937. In November 1937, the dissemination of intelligence evidence that Japanese capital ships had violated the naval agreement caused the treaty authorities to extend the Escalator Clause in June. In 1938, he changed the standard displacement
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Work on what would eventually become the battleship Iowa began in early 1938, following a planned application of the "escalator law" by order of Admiral Thomas Hart, head of the Herald Council, which would allow for a higher rate. Displacement of a conventional complex vessel of 45,000 long tons (45,700 t). Using an additional 10,000 tons (10,200 t) over the original designs, studies included designs for increased armament and protection, as well as "fast" 27-knot (50 km/h; 31 mph) "slow" battleships. . Warships with a speed of 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph) or more. One of the "slower" designs was the enlarged South Dakota class, with twelve 16/45-inch Mark 6 guns or nine 18-inch (457 mm)/48 guns, with more armor and a larger engine to handle. A large ship through the water with a maximum speed of 27 knots, like in South Dakota.
Although "fast" studies led to the Iowa class, "slow" design studies eventually led to the 60,500 ton (61,500 t) Montana class with twelve 16-inch guns. In World War II, all treaty restrictions were lifted.
Congo-class battleships, whose high speed advantage over existing US warships would allow them to "overpower US cruisers, making it a 'good season' for US supply ships"
And the occupation of the Japanese battle lines, and therefore the limited width of the Panama Canal, was the main driving force in establishing the design criteria for the new ships.
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One such design, carried out by the Design Department of the Bureau of Construction and Repair of "fast" ships, was the "cruiser killer". From January 17, 1938, Captain A.J. Chantry, the group developed plans for ships with twelve 16-inch guns and twenty 127-inch (127 mm) guns, Panamax capacity but unlimited displacement, high speed and range of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). 20,000 nautical miles (37,000 km; 23,000 mi), cruising at an economical speed of 15 knots (28 km per h; 17 mph). Their plan met these requirements for a ship of 50,940 long tons (51,760 t) standard displacement, but Chantry believed that more could be done with such a large ship; With a higher displacement than most battleships, her armament would only protect her from the 8-inch (200 mm) guns carried by the larger cruisers.
The top three plans - "A", "B" and "C" were developed in early January. An increase in the project, a large increase in weapons,
And the placement of twelve 6-inch (152 mm) guns in the second battery was common among the three designs. "A" was the largest, 59,060 long tons (60,010 t), and the only one that still had twelve 16-inch guns in four three-gun turrets (US Navy 3-gun turrets). It required 277,000 hp (207,000 kW) to make 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph). The regular "B" was smaller at 52,707 long tons (53,553 t); Like "A" she had a top speed of 32.5 knots, but "B" needed only 225,000 hp (168,000 kW) to make this speed. She also carried nine 16-inch guns in three turrets. "C" was similar, but added 75,000 shp (56,000 kW) (total 300,000 shp (220,000 kW)) to meet the original requirement of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40). mph). The required weight for this and the longest belt is 496 feet (151 m) (151 m) (151 m) (151 m) for "B", with a length of 55,771 tons (56,666 T) due to the standard.
In March 1938, the Herald Council appointed Naval Architect William Francis Gibbs, William Hovgaard (President of the New York Shipbuilding Company), John Matt, Joseph W. Powell and followed the recommendations of the Naval Design Advisory Council. A long war. - retired admiral and former head of the Ordnance Bureau Joseph Strauss. The board requested a new design study, aimed at increasing the size of the 35,000 ton (36,000 t) South Dakota class. Early plans for this indicated that 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) would be possible at a typical displacement of around 37,600 long tons (38,200 t). 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph) could be purchased with a standard displacement of 220,000 shp (160,000 kW) and around 39,230 long tons (39,860 t), which was under the London Convention. The Escalator Act has an upper limit of 45,000 long tons (45,700 t).
Zumwalt Class Destroyer
These designs were able to convince the Executive Council that a well-designed and well-balanced "fast" battle of 33 knots was possible under the conditions of "escalator rule". However, further research revealed significant problems with the assessment. The speed of the ship meant that freeboard was needed fore and aft, and the stern required additional feet of freeboard. In addition, there was weight associated with supporting these new types: the power plant had to be enlarged to strengthen the structure of the ship and prevent it from falling.
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